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Biological control is recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Additionally in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume insects, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762an Indian mynah has been brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and about precisely the exact same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to allow ants to maneuver between them and help control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests like insects and fleas by using different organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the insect which are bred in the lab and introduced into the environment.
The released organism will breed and survive, and provide long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium which infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water resources.10
Mechanical pest control is using hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and apparatus, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is referred to as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control in addition to being useful for pest control; wireworms, the creatures of the common click beetle, are very destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators which feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help control insects by depriving them of their host plants. It is a major strategy in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by as much as 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts pests, diverting them from nearby crops.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be more easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 But trap-cropping, on its own, has often neglected to price effectively reduce insect densities on big industrial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to spread back into the main field.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control pests. But effective control by pesticides is not simple; the ideal formulation must be chosen, the timing is often crucial, the method of application is important, sufficient protection and retention on the harvest are necessary.
This is particularly important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of insects and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the plants are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where progressive farmers are using fertilisers to develop enhanced crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to pop over to this site pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides might be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of you can try here chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism that manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain will be developed. In this way, some of the most serious pests have developed resistance and therefore are no longer killed by pesticides which used to kill their ancestors.
